Examining differences in brain metabolism associated with childhood maltreatment and suicidal attempts in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: a PET and machine learning study

Objective: Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a significant risk factor for the development and severity of bipolar disorder (BD) with increased risk of suicide attempts (SA). This study evaluated whether a machine learning algorithm could be trained to predict if a patient with BD has a history of CM or previous SA based on brain metabolism measured by positron emission tomography. Methods: Thirty-six euthymic patients diagnosed with BD type I, with and without a history of CM were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Suicide attempts were assessed through the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus) and a semi-structured interview. Resting-state positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose was conducted, electing only grey matter voxels through the Statistical Parametric Mapping toolbox. Imaging analysis was performed using a supervised machine learning approach following Gaussian Process Classification. Results: Patients were divided into 18 participants with a history of CM and 18 participants without it, along with 18 individuals with previous SA and 18 individuals without such history. The predictions for CM and SA were not significant (accuracy = 41.67%; p = 0.879). Conclusion: Further investigation is needed to improve the accuracy of machine learning, as its predictive qualities could potentially be highly useful in determining histories and possible outcomes of high-risk psychiatric patients.

Challenges and potential solutions for physician suicide risk factors in the COVID-19 era: psychiatric comorbidities, judicialization of medicine, and burnout

Abstract Introduction Suicide among physicians constitutes a public health problem that deserves more consideration. A recently performed meta-analysis and systematic review evaluated suicide mortality in physicians by gender and investigated several related risk factors. It showed that the post-1980 suicide mortality was 46% higher in female physicians than among women in the general population, while the risk in male physicians was 33% lower than among men in general, despite an overall contraction in physician mortality rates in both genders. Methods This narrative review was conducted by searching and analyzing articles/databases that were relevant to addressing questions raised by a prior meta-analysis and how they might be affected by COVID-19. This process included unstructured searches on Pubmed for physician suicide, burnout, judicialization of medicine, healthcare organizations, and COVID-19, and Google searches for relevant databases and medical society, expert, and media commentaries on these topics. We focus on three factors critical to addressing physician suicides: epidemiological data limitations, psychiatric comorbidities, and professional overload. Results We found relevant articles on suicide reporting, physician mental health, the effects of healthcare judicialization, and organizational involvement on physician and patient health, and how COVID-19 may impact such factors. This review addresses information sources, underreporting/misreporting of physician suicide rates, inadequate diagnosis and management of psychiatric comorbidities and the chronic effects on physicians' work capacity, and, finally, judicialization of medicine and organizational failures increasing physician burnout. We discuss these factors in general and in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions We present an overview of the above factors, discuss possible solutions, and specifically address how COVID-19 may impact such factors.

Cognitive dysfunction in patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus may impact treatment

Abstract Background Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a widespread manifestation in adult systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, but this subject is rarely examined in patients with childhood-onset SLE (cSLE). This study aimed to assess the frequency of CD, its associations with lupus clinical manifestations and its impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) in young adult cSLE patients. Methods We evaluated 39 cSLE patients older than 18 years. They underwent a rheumatologic evaluation and extensive neuropsychological assessment, encompassing all cognitive domains described by the American College of Rheumatology. HRQL was assessed with the WHOOQOL-BREEF, General Activities of Daily Living Scale (GADL) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-specific quality-of-life instrument (SLEQOL). The activity of SLE was evaluated with the modified sle disease activity index (sledai-2k). Results Impairment in at least one cognitive domain was found in 35 (87.2%) patients. The most compromised domains were attention (64.1%), memory (46.2%), and executive functions (38.5%). Patients with cognitive impairment were older, had more accumulated damage and had worse socioeconomic status. Regarding the association between cognitive dysfunction and HRQL, memory impairment was correlated with worse environmental perception and a worse relationship with the treatment. Conclusion In this study, the frequency of CD in cSLE patients was as high as that in the adult SLE population. CD can significantly impact the response of cSLE patients to treatment, justifying preventive measures in the care of this population.

Physician suicide demographics and the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: To identify suicide rates and how they relate to demographic factors (sex, race and ethnicity, age, location) among physicians compared to the general population when aggravated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: We searched U.S. databases to report global suicide rates and proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) among U.S. physicians (and non-physicians in health occupations) using National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) data and using Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) in the general population. We also reviewed the effects of age, suicide methods and locations, COVID-19 considerations, and potential solutions to current challenges. Results: Between NOMS1 (1985-1998) and NOMS2 (1999-2013), the PMRs for suicide increased in White male physicians (1.77 to 2.03) and Black male physicians (2.50 to 4.24) but decreased in White female physicians (2.66 to 2.42). Conclusions: The interaction of non-modifiable risk factors, such as sex, race and ethnicity, age, education level/healthcare career, and location, require further investigation. Addressing systemic and organizational problems and personal resilience training are highly recommended, particularly during the additional strain from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines for the management of suicidal behavior. Part 2. Screening, intervention, and prevention

This article continues our presentation of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines for the management of patients with suicidal behavior, with a focus on screening, intervention, postvention, prevention, and promotion. For the development of these guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and SciELO databases for research published from 1997 to 2020. Systematic reviews, clinical trials, and cohort/observational studies on screening, intervention, and prevention in suicidal behavior were included. This project involved 14 Brazilian psychiatry professionals and 1 psychologist selected by the Psychiatric Emergencies Committee of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association for their experience and knowledge in psychiatry and psychiatric emergencies. Publications were evaluated according to the 2011 Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence Classification. Eighty-five articles were reviewed (of 5,362 initially collected and 755 abstracts on the drug approach). Forms of screening, intervention, and prevention are presented. The intervention section presents evidence for psychotherapeutic and drug interventions. For the latter, it is important to remember that each medication is effective only for specific groups and should not replace treatment protocols. We maintain our recommendation for the use of universal screening plus intervention. Although the various studies differ in terms of the populations evaluated and several proposals are presented, there is already significant evidence for certain interventions. Suicidal behavior can be analyzed by evidence-based medicine protocols. Currently, the best strategy is to combine several techniques through the Safety Plan. Nevertheless, further research on the topic is needed to elucidate some approaches with particular potential for intervention and prevention. Systematic review registry number: CRD42020206517

Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines for the management of suicidal behavior. Part 1. Risk factors, protective factors, and assessment

Suicide is a global public health problem that causes the loss of more than 800,000 lives each year, principally among young people. In Brazil, the average mortality rate attributable to suicide is approximately 5.23 per 100,000 population. Although many guidelines have been published for the management of suicidal behavior, to date, there are no recent guidelines based on the principles of evidence-based medicine that apply to the reality of suicide in Brazil. The objective of this work is to provide key guidelines for managing patients with suicidal behavior in Brazil. This project involved 11 Brazilian psychiatry professionals selected by the Psychiatric Emergencies Committee (Comissão de Emergências Psiquiátricas) of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association for their experience and knowledge in psychiatry and psychiatric emergencies. For the development of these guidelines, 79 articles were reviewed (from 5,362 initially collected and 755 abstracts). In this review, we present definitions, risk and protective factors, assessments, and an introduction to the Safety Plan. Systematic review registry number: CRD42020206517

Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Medicina Intensiva sobre los aspectos bioéticos en la pandemia Covid-19 / Recommendations by the Uruguayan Society of Intensive Care on the Covid-19 pandemic / Recomendações da Sociedade Uruguaia de Medicina Intensiva sobre aspectos bioéticos na pandemia Covid-19

Resumen: Introducción: la pandemia provocada por el SARS-CoV-2 genera un importante desafío para el sistema sanitario y especialmente para la Medicina Intensiva. Es necesario prepararse en múltiples aspectos. Además, considerar plausible una demanda extraordinaria de camas críticas que puede llevar a un desbalance entre las necesidades clínicas y la disponibilidad efectiva de los recursos sanitarios. Objetivos: realizar un análisis bioético para brindar una orientación en la atención a los pacientes críticos. Objetivos específicos: 1) Analizar los principios bioéticos fundamentales en este contexto. 2) Apoyar a los clínicos en la toma de decisiones difíciles. 3) Hacer explícitos los criterios de asignación de recursos. 4) Definir líneas de acción ante un posible escenario de "desastre sanitario". Método: la SUMI ha generado un ámbito de trabajo colectivo cuyo método de trabajo fue la deliberación. En la documentación se utiliza la revisión bibliográfica y los protocolos ya existentes. Resultados: el trabajo plantea un análisis teórico documentado sobre los principios bioéticos involucrados en el contexto de pandemia, sobre los escenarios de demanda asistencial y sobre la fundamentación para un cambio en los criterios éticos ante un escenario de saturación del sistema. Conclusión: se plantean recomendaciones prácticas para: 1) Toma de decisiones de ingreso y egreso en demanda controlada. 2) Criterios de acción ante el aumento de la demanda estableciendo definiciones de los diferentes escenarios. 3) Recomendaciones para aplicar en un escenario de saturación del sistema.

Summary: Introduction: the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 constitutes a significant challenge for the health system, and especially for Critical Care Units, so we need to prepare in many aspects. Likewise, we need to consider there could be an extraordinary demand for beds in critical care units, what would lead to an imbalance between clinical needs and the effective availability of health resources. Objectives: the study aims to perform a bioethical analysis that could provide guidelines for the assistance of patients in critical care. Specific objectives: 1) to analyse the main bioethical principles in this context, 2) to support clinicians in the making of difficult decisions, 3) to make the resource allocation criteria specific, 4) to define action lines upon a potential "health's disastrous" scenario Method: the Uruguayan Society of Intensive Care has generated a space for collective work based on discussion processes. Documents include a bibliographic review and the existing protocols. Results: the study presents a theoretical analysis that is backed up by the bioethical principles involved in the pandemic context on the scenarios of demand for assistance and, by the arguments calling for a change in the ethical criteria upon the saturation of the health system. Conclusion: practical recommendations are made: 1) for the making of decisions about admission and discharge in a controlled demand. 2) to define action criteria upon an increase in demand, clearly defining the different scenarios, 3) to apply upon the saturation of the health system.

Resumo: Introdução: a pandemia causada pelo SARS-CoV2 gera um importante desafio para o sistema de saúde e principalmente para a Medicina Intensiva. É preciso se preparar em vários aspectos. Além disso, considera plausível uma demanda extraordinária por leitos críticos, que pode levar a um desequilíbrio entre as necessidades clínicas e a disponibilidade efetiva de recursos de saúde. Objetivos: realizar uma análise bioética para orientar o cuidado ao paciente crítico. Objetivos específicos: 1) Analisar os princípios bioéticos fundamentais neste contexto, 2) Apoiar os médicos na tomada de decisões difíceis, 3) Tornar explícitos os critérios de alocação de recursos, 4) Definir linhas de ação perante um possível cenário de " desastre de saúde ". Métodos: a SUMI gerou um ambiente de trabalho coletivo cujo método de trabalho era deliberativo. A documentação usa a revisão da literatura e os protocolos existentes. Resultados: o trabalho propõe uma análise teórica documentada sobre os princípios bioéticos envolvidos no contexto da Pandemia, sobre os cenários da demanda de saúde e sobre os fundamentos para uma mudança de critérios éticos em um cenário de saturação do sistema. Conclusão: são propostas recomendações práticas para: 1) tomada de decisão para admissão e alta sob demanda controlada. 2) critérios de atuação frente ao aumento da demanda, estabelecendo definições dos diferentes cenários. 3) recomendações a serem aplicadas em um cenário de saturação do sistema.

Epidemiologia e ônus da depressão resistente ao tratamento no Brasil: análise do subgrupo brasileiro do estudo de observação multicêntrico TRAL / Epidemiology and burden of treatment-resistant depression in Brazil: analysis of the Brazilian subset of multicenter observational TRAL study

Objetivos: A epidemiologia da depressão resistente ao tratamento (DRT) varia mundialmente, mas é incerta na América Latina. Este artigo relata a epidemiologia e o ônus da DRT em pacientes com transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) no Brasil, no estudo observacional multinacional, multicêntrico, de DRT na América Latina (TRAL). Métodos: Trezentos e noventa e seis pacientes adultos com TDM (tratados ou não) no Brasil, com diagnóstico de TDM usando o Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) e confirmado por MINI Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional v7.0.2, foram incluídos em 10 centros. Os pacientes forneceram consentimento e concluíram as avaliações. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram pacientes com psicose, esquizofrenia, transtorno bipolar, transtorno esquizoafetivo, demência, transtorno de uso de substância ou participação atual em outro estudo. A MADRS foi usada para gravidade da doença. Escalas de depressão e instrumentos classificados pelos pacientes foram usados para medir os resultados. Resultados: A prevalência de DRT em pacientes com TDM na América Latina corresponde a 29,1% (IC 95% [26,8%; 31,4%]), embora no Brasil corresponda a 40,4% (IC 95%: 35,6%-45,2%), a mais alta no estudo TRAL. Os pacientes com DRT são mais velhos e apresentam maior proporção de divórcios e menor nível educacional, com pontuação mais alta na Escala de Classificação da Depressão de Montgomery-Asberg (MADRS), comparados a pacientes sem DRT. Os custos de saúde foram maiores em pacientes com DRT, com menor qualidade de vida e maiores custos de saúde e comprometimento laboral. Conclusões: Estes achados confirmam que a DRT apresenta alta prevalência no Brasil, consistentemente com estudos anteriores sobre transtornos depressivos. Globalmente, os pacientes com DRT apresentam maior ônus da doença, sugerindo a necessidade de melhorar os cuidados para pacientes com DRT no Brasil

Objectives: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) epidemiology varies worldwide, but uncertain in Latin America (LatAm). This paper reports on the epidemiology and burden of TRD in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients in Brazil from the TRD in America Latina (TRAL) multicenter, multinational, observational study. Methods: 396 adult patients (treated or untreated) with MDD diagnosis in Brazil using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and confirmed by MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview v7.0.2 were consecutively enrolled from 10 clinical sites in Brazil. Patients provided consent and complete assessments. Exclusion criteria included patients with psychosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, dementia, with substance use disorder or currently participating in another clinical trial. Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was used for disease severity. Depression scales and patient rated instruments were used to measure outcomes. Results: The prevalence of TRD in MDD patients in LatAm is 29.1% (95%CI [26.8%; 31.4%]), though the values for Brazil are 40.4% (95%CI: 35.6%-45.2%), the highest in the TRAL study. TRD patients are older, have higher proportion of divorce and lower education, with higher MADRS score compared to non-TRD patients. Healthcare costs were higher in TRD patients, with lower quality of life (QoL) and higher work impairment and healthcare costs. Conclusions: Present findings confirms that TRD is highly prevalent in Brazil, which is consistent with previous studies concerning depressive disorders. Globally, TRD patients experience higher burden of the disease. These findings suggest the need to improve care among TRD patients in Brazil

Childhood-maltreatment subtypes in bipolar patients with suicidal behavior: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Patients with bipolar disorders have a high risk of suicidal behavior. Childhood maltreatment is a well-established risk factor for suicidal behavior. The objective of this study was to examine the association between childhood-maltreatment subtypes and vulnerability to suicide attempts in bipolar disorder using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Methods: A literature review was performed using the MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases. Thirteen studies met the selection criteria. In the meta-analysis, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to assess a wide range of childhood maltreatment subtypes, which were analyzed by using a random-effects model to account for the likely variations of true effect sizes between the included studies. Results: In the systematic review, 13 studies met the selection criteria. The CTQ was selected for the meta-analysis to increase the homogeneity of assessment and to encompass a wide range of childhood-maltreatment subtypes. The data were analyzed using a random-effects model. Compared to bipolar non-attempters, bipolar suicide attempters had experienced childhood maltreatment with a significantly higher frequency and had higher total CTQ scores (Hedges' g = -0.38, 95%CI -0.52 to -0.24, z = -5.27, p < 0.001) and CTQ sub-scores (sexual abuse: g = -0.39, 95%CI -0.52 to -0.26, z = -5.97; physical abuse: g = -0.26, 95%CI -0.39 to -0.13, z = -4.00; emotional abuse: g = -0.39, 95%CI -0.65 to -0.13, z = -2.97; physical neglect: g = -0.18, 95%CI -0.31 to -0.05, z = -2.79; emotional neglect: g = -0.27, 95%CI -0.43 to -0.11, z = -3.32). Conclusions: Childhood maltreatment, as assessed by the CTQ, may contribute to an increased risk of suicidal behavior among people with bipolar disorders. Recognizing maltreatment as an etiological risk factor is a crucial step toward furthering science-based preventive psychiatry.

Depression and quality of life in individuals with Stargardts disease / Depressão e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com doença de Stargardt

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess depression and quality of life in individuals with Stargardt's disease (SD), macular dystrophy whose central vision loss begins in the first decades of life. Methods This observational, cross-sectional study included 41 SD patients and 46 healthy controls, aged 18 to 63 years old, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Major depression episode was assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, depressive symptomatology by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and quality of life by the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. The comparison between sociodemographic variables, quality of life and depression was performed using Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. Results The prevalence of depression was 12.2% in the sample with SD while in the control group was 8.7% (p = 0.614). No significant differences were observed between patients and the control group regarding the prevalence of depression and sociodemographic variables. Patients with SD had overall lower quality of life scores (59.7 vs. 88.7, p < 0.001), and presented inverse correlation between depressive symptoms, as assessed by BDI (Rho = -0.49, p < 0.001) and by HAM-D (Rho = -0.45, p = 0.003) with quality of life scores. Conclusion Depressive symptoms were the major factors affecting quality of life, regardless of sociodemographic data. Individuals with SD may develop copying strategies, seek mental care to prevent the increase of depression and decrease of quality of life.

RESUMO Objetivos Avaliar a depressão e a qualidade de vida em indivíduos com doença de Stargardt (DS), distrofia macular cuja perda de visão central se inicia nas primeiras décadas de vida. Métodos Este estudo observacional e transversal incluiu 41 pacientes com DS e 46 controles saudáveis, com idades entre 18 e 63 anos, em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Episódio de depressão maior foi avaliado pelo Mini Internacional Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)-PLUS, a sintomatologia depressiva, pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e pela Escala de Depressão de Hamilton (HAM-D) e a qualidade de vida, pelo Questionário de Função Visual do Instituto de Olhos Nacional versão de 25 itens (NEI VFQ-25). A comparação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, a qualidade de vida e a depressão foi realizada por meio do teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon. Resultados A prevalência de depressão foi de 12,2% na amostra com indivíduos com DS, enquanto no grupo controle foi de 8,7% (p = 0,614). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os pacientes e o grupo controle quanto à prevalência de depressão e às variáveis sociodemográficas. Os pacientes com DS apresentaram menor pontuação geral de qualidade de vida (59,7 vs. 88,7, p < 0,001), cujas variáveis com correlação inversa e estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05) foram as de sintomatologia depressiva, avaliadas pelo BDI ( Rho = -0,49, p < 0,001) e pelo HAM-D ( Rho = -0,45, p = 0,003). Conclusão Os sintomas depressivos foram os principais fatores que afetaram a qualidade de vida, independentemente dos dados sociodemográficos. Indivíduos com DS podem desenvolver estratégias de enfrentamento e procurar assistência mental para evitar o aumento da depressão e a diminuição da qualidade de vida.

Interfaz cerebro-computador multimodal para procesos de neurorrehabilitación de miembros superiores en pacientes con lesiones de médula espinal: una revisión / Multimodal Brain-Computer Interface for Supporting Upper Limb neurorehabilitation processes in spinal cord injury patients: a review / Interface multimodal Cérebro-Computador para apoiar os processos de neurona-reabilitacão dos membros superiores em pacientes com lesão da medula espinhal: uma revisão

Resumen El número de trabajos relacionados con Interfaces Cerebro-Computador (BCI, Brain-Computer Interface en inglés) directamente aplicados al proceso de rehabilitación de pacientes con lesiones de médula espinal está en aumento debido a la mejora en las técnicas de procesamiento digital de señales y reconocimiento de patrones que permiten relacionar las señales electroencefalográficas con acciones motoras. Los resultados preliminares de las pruebas de las BCI sobre sujetos reales permiten visualizar en un futuro relativamente cercano la inclusión de este tipo de herramientas en los protocolos de rehabilitación. Sin embargo, hay muchas barreras por resolver, principalmente las relacionadas con el aumento del desempeño y la generación de múltiples comandos naturales mediante interfaces cerebro-computador a partir de electroencefalografía superficial (EEG). En este trabajo se hace una revisión de los más importantes trabajos que muestran la evolución, el estado actual y las oportunidades de investigación alrededor de la temática de interfaces cerebro-computador en procesos de neurorrehabilitación de miembros superiores en pacientes con lesiones medulares.

Abstract The number of researches related to rehabilitation processes in spinal cord injury patients using Brain-Computer Interfaces is increasing due to the development of improved digital signal processing and pattern recognition techniques that allows decoding motor actions from electroencephalographic signals. Preliminary results on the application of BCI with real experimental subjects allow to envision a rehabilitation scenario using this kind of technology as part of the therapeutic protocols in a near future. Yet, some problems need to be solved: improve target detection performance and the generation of natural commands by non-invasive brain-computer interfaces based on surface electroencephalography are some of them. In this work, we make a review of the most important researches to exhibit the evolution, the current status, and the research opportunities on the use of brain-computer interfaces for upper limb neurorehabilitation in spinal cord injury patients.

Resumo O número de trabalhos relacionados com Interfaces Cérebro-Computador (BCI, Brain-Computer Interface en inglés) diretamente aplicado no processo de reabilitação de pacientes com lesões de medula espinal está no aumento e a melhoria nas técnicas de processamento digital de sinais e reconhecimento de patrones que permitam relacionar as seqüências de eletroencefalográficas com ações motoras. Os resultados preliminares das provas de BCI sobre sujeitos reais permitem visualizar em um futuro, mais perto da inclusão deste tipo de ferramentas em protocolos de reabilitação. Sin embargo, feno muitas barreras por resolver, principalmente as relacionadas com o aumento do desempenho e a geração de comandos comandos por meio de interfaces cerebro-computador a partir de electroencefalografía superficial (EEG). No presente trabalho, a empresa tem uma revisão dos mais importantes trabalhos e mostra as evoluções, o estado real e as oportunidades de pesquisa em torno da temática de interfaces cerebro-computador em processos de neurorrehabilitação de supostos superiores en pacientes com lesiones medulares.

A proposal for a new Brazilian six-item version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale / Proposta para uma nova versão brasileira de seis itens da Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo

Abstract Introduction: Factor analysis of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) could result in a shorter and easier to handle screening tool. Therefore, the aim of this study was to check and compare the metrics of two different 6-item EPDS subscales. Methods: We administered the EPDS to a total of 3,891 women who had given birth between 1 and 3 months previously. We conducted confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and plotted receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves to, respectively, determine construct validity, scale items' fit to the data, and ideal cutoff scores for the short versions. Results: A previously defined 6-item scale did not exhibit construct validity for our sample. Nevertheless, we used exploratory factor analysis to derive a new 6-item scale with very good construct validity. The area under the ROC curve of the new 6-item scale was 0.986 and the ideal cutoff score was ≥ 6. Conclusions: The new 6-item scale has adequate psychometric properties and similar ROC curve values to the10-item version and offers a means of reducing the cost and time taken to administer the instrument.

Resumo Introdução: A análise fatorial da Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS) poderia resultar em uma ferramenta de triagem mais curta e mais fácil de aplicar. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar e comparar as métricas de duas subescalas EPDS de 6 itens. Métodos: Administramos a EPDS a um total de 3.891 mulheres que deram à luz entre 1 e 3 meses antes da aplicação. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias e exploratórias e geradas curvas ROC (receiver-operating characteristics) para determinar, respectivamente, a validade do construto, o ajuste dos itens da escala aos dados, e os pontos de corte ideais para as versões curtas. Resultados: A escala de 6 itens previamente publicada não apresentou validade de construto para nossa amostra. No entanto, utilizamos a análise fatorial exploratória para derivar uma nova escala de 6 itens, que apresentou boa validade de construto. A área sob a curva ROC da nova escala de 6 itens foi 0,986, e o ponto de corte ideal foi ≥ 6. Conclusão: A nova escala de 6 itens possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas e valores de curva ROC semelhantes à versão de 10 itens e oferece um meio de reduzir o custo e o tempo necessário para administrar o instrumento.

Cortisol, DHEA, and depression in the elderly: the influence of physical capacity / Cortisol, DHEA e a depressão no idoso: a influência da capacidade física

ABSTRACT Objective Major depression have been associated with cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) changes in old depressed patients. We examined the association between depression, cortisol, and DHEA, correcting for confounding variables, including physical capacity. In addition, the association between hormone levels and physical capacity in these two experimental groups was also analyzed. Method Depressed patients (n = 32) and healthy control (n = 31) old adults, both matched for age, were analyzed. Subjects were submitted to a physical capacity evaluation, including physical activity levels, functional fitness test, and balance scale. Results Depressed patients showed significant lower levels of cortisol than controls, which became non-significant after controlling for physical capacity. A positive correlation was observed between cortisol levels and physical capacity. Conclusions The data suggest that physical capacity modulates the relationship between depression and cortisol levels and needs to be taken into consideration in the future investigations.

RESUMO Objetivo A depressão maior tem sido associada a alterações nos níveis de cortisol e dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) em pacientes idosos depressivos. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a associação entre depressão, cortisol e DHEA, corrigindo por variáveis intervenientes, incluindo a capacidade física. Além disso, a associação entre os níveis hormonais e a capacidade física nos dois grupos experimentais também foi analisada. Método Pacientes idosos depressivos (n = 32) e idosos controles saudáveis (n = 31), pareados pela idade foram analisados. Os sujeitos foram submetidos a uma avaliação da capacidade física, incluindo níveis de atividade física, testes de capacidade funcional e escalas de equilíbrio. Resultados Os pacientes depressivos mostraram níveis significativamente menores de cortisol, os quais tornaram-se não significantes após controlados pela capacidade física. Uma correlação positiva foi observada entre os níveis de cortisol e a capacidade física. Resultados não significativos foram observados para DHEA, possivelmente devido a inclusão de pacientes depressivos e uma única coleta de amostra. Conclusão Os dados sugerem que a capacidade física modula a relação entre depressão e os níveis de cortisol e deve ser considerada em futuras investigações.

Neural correlates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder

Objective: Approximately one-half of all patients affected by bipolar disorder present with psychotic features on at least one occasion. Several studies have found that alterations in the activity of mesolimbic and prefrontal regions are related to aberrant salience in psychotic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural correlates of a history of hallucinations in a sample of euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Methods: The sample consisted of 21 euthymic patients with BD-I and no comorbid axis I DSM-IV-TR disorders. Voxel based morphometry (VBM) was used to compare patients with and without a lifetime history of hallucinations. Preprocessing was performed using the Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) algorithm for VBM in SPM8. Images were processed using optimized VBM. Results: The main finding of the present study was a reduction in gray matter volume in the right posterior insular cortex of patients with BD-I and a lifetime history of hallucinations, as compared to subjects with the same diagnosis but no history of hallucinations. Conclusions: This finding supports the presence of abnormalities in the salience network in BD patients with a lifetime history of hallucinations. These alterations may be associated with an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one’s own experience, which could result in psychotic symptoms.